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Compare the environmental impact of 94+ foods. CO2 emissions, water use, and land use per kilogram — sourced from Poore & Nemecek (2018) and Our World in Data.
Showing 94 of 94 foods
| Impact | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beef (grain-fed)26g protein/100g | Meat | 33.00kg | 15,400L | 130.0m² | Very High |
| Beef (average)26g protein/100g | Meat | 27.00kg | 15,400L | 164.0m² | Very High |
| Beef Burger Patty20g protein/100g | Processed | 25.00kg | 15,000L | 150.0m² | Very High |
| Lamb25g protein/100g | Meat | 24.00kg | 10,400L | 185.0m² | Very High |
| Beef (grass-fed)26g protein/100g | Meat | 21.00kg | 15,400L | 200.0m² | Very High |
| Goat27g protein/100g | Meat | 20.00kg | 5,500L | 150.0m² | Very High |
| Chocolate (dark)5g protein/100g | Beverages | 18.70kg | 17,196L | 68.0m² | High |
| Prawns (farmed)24g protein/100g | Seafood | 18.20kg | 3,500L | 3.0m² | High |
| Coffee (brewed) | Beverages | 16.50kg | 18,900L | 11.0m² | High |
| Venison30g protein/100g | Meat | 16.00kg | 4,800L | 100.0m² | High |
| Cheese (hard)25g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 13.50kg | 5,060L | 87.0m² | High |
| Butter0.9g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 11.90kg | 5,550L | 52.0m² | High |
| Farmed Salmon20g protein/100g | Seafood | 11.90kg | 2,000L | 3.7m² | High |
| Chocolate (milk)7.5g protein/100g | Beverages | 9.20kg | 10,000L | 40.0m² | Medium |
| Cheese (soft)17g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 8.50kg | 3,500L | 55.0m² | Medium |
| Duck23g protein/100g | Meat | 8.10kg | 4,500L | 9.0m² | Medium |
| Palm Oil | Oils & Fats | 7.60kg | 5,000L | 2.4m² | Medium |
| Cream2.1g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 7.60kg | 3,800L | 30.0m² | Medium |
| Pork27g protein/100g | Meat | 7.20kg | 5,990L | 11.0m² | Medium |
| Tea | Beverages | 7.00kg | 8,860L | 5.0m² | Medium |
| Chicken27g protein/100g | Meat | 6.90kg | 4,325L | 7.1m² | Medium |
| Soybean Oil | Oils & Fats | 6.30kg | 4,200L | 10.0m² | Medium |
| Tuna (canned)26g protein/100g | Seafood | 6.10kg | 0L | 0.0m² | Medium |
| Olive Oil | Oils & Fats | 6.00kg | 14,430L | 26.0m² | Medium |
| Turkey29g protein/100g | Meat | 5.50kg | 3,900L | 6.5m² | Medium |
| Cod18g protein/100g | Seafood | 5.40kg | 0L | 0.0m² | Medium |
| Eggs13g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 4.70kg | 3,265L | 5.7m² | Low-Med |
| Coconut Oil | Oils & Fats | 4.50kg | 2,687L | 3.5m² | Low-Med |
| Rice (white)2.7g protein/100g | Grains | 4.50kg | 2,500L | 2.8m² | Low-Med |
| Wild Salmon20g protein/100g | Seafood | 4.50kg | 0L | 0.0m² | Low-Med |
| Ice Cream3.5g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 4.40kg | 2,000L | 15.0m² | Low-Med |
| Rice (brown)2.6g protein/100g | Grains | 4.20kg | 2,500L | 2.8m² | Low-Med |
| Pizza (frozen)11g protein/100g | Processed | 3.80kg | 1,200L | 10.0m² | Low-Med |
| Rapeseed / Canola Oil | Oils & Fats | 3.70kg | 4,000L | 11.0m² | Low-Med |
| Tofu Burger Patty14g protein/100g | Processed | 3.50kg | 2,500L | 2.5m² | Low-Med |
| Sunflower Oil | Oils & Fats | 3.50kg | 6,800L | 18.0m² | Low-Med |
| Tomatoes (greenhouse)0.9g protein/100g | Vegetables | 3.50kg | 214L | 0.3m² | Low-Med |
| Almonds21g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 3.50kg | 16,200L | 3.8m² | Low-Med |
| Asparagus2.2g protein/100g | Vegetables | 3.40kg | 2,150L | 0.6m² | Low-Med |
| Cashews18g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 3.30kg | 14,200L | 3.5m² | Low-Med |
| Cow's Milk3.4g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 3.20kg | 1,020L | 9.0m² | Low-Med |
| Tofu17g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 3.00kg | 2,500L | 2.2m² | Low-Med |
| Crisps / Chips5.5g protein/100g | Processed | 2.50kg | 900L | 2.0m² | Low-Med |
| Avocado2g protein/100g | Fruits | 2.50kg | 1,981L | 0.5m² | Low-Med |
| Peanuts26g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 2.50kg | 3,100L | 9.1m² | Low-Med |
| Tempeh19g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 2.50kg | 2,200L | 2.0m² | Low-Med |
| Yoghurt4.5g protein/100g | Dairy & Eggs | 2.50kg | 1,020L | 7.0m² | Low-Med |
| Walnuts15g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 2.40kg | 9,063L | 3.0m² | Low-Med |
| Coconut3.3g protein/100g | Fruits | 2.30kg | 2,687L | 2.0m² | Low-Med |
| Sardines25g protein/100g | Seafood | 2.00kg | 0L | 0.0m² | Low-Med |
| Sugar (cane) | Processed | 1.80kg | 1,782L | 1.5m² | Low |
| Wine0.1g protein/100g | Beverages | 1.80kg | 872L | 1.8m² | Low |
| Orange Juice0.7g protein/100g | Beverages | 1.60kg | 1,018L | 0.7m² | Low |
| Peppers (bell)1g protein/100g | Vegetables | 1.60kg | 379L | 0.4m² | Low |
| Oats13g protein/100g | Grains | 1.60kg | 1,788L | 7.6m² | Low |
| Pasta5g protein/100g | Grains | 1.60kg | 1,849L | 3.2m² | Low |
| French Fries (frozen)3g protein/100g | Processed | 1.50kg | 500L | 1.0m² | Low |
| Quinoa4.4g protein/100g | Grains | 1.50kg | 5,000L | 3.5m² | Low |
| Grapes0.7g protein/100g | Fruits | 1.40kg | 608L | 1.0m² | Low |
| Tomatoes0.9g protein/100g | Vegetables | 1.40kg | 214L | 0.8m² | Low |
| Wheat Flour10g protein/100g | Grains | 1.40kg | 1,827L | 3.6m² | Low |
| Blueberries0.7g protein/100g | Fruits | 1.30kg | 845L | 0.4m² | Low |
| Bread (wholemeal)12g protein/100g | Grains | 1.30kg | 1,827L | 3.4m² | Low |
| White bread9g protein/100g | Grains | 1.30kg | 1,608L | 3.2m² | Low |
| Beer0.5g protein/100g | Beverages | 1.20kg | 298L | 1.5m² | Low |
| Rice Milk0.3g protein/100g | Milk Alternatives | 1.20kg | 270L | 0.3m² | Low |
| Strawberries0.7g protein/100g | Fruits | 1.10kg | 347L | 0.5m² | Low |
| Corn / Maize3.3g protein/100g | Grains | 1.10kg | 1,222L | 2.9m² | Low |
| Soy Milk3.3g protein/100g | Milk Alternatives | 1.00kg | 28L | 0.7m² | Low |
| Mango0.8g protein/100g | Fruits | 1.00kg | 1,800L | 0.5m² | Low |
| Aubergine / Eggplant1g protein/100g | Vegetables | 1.00kg | 362L | 0.5m² | Low |
| Mushrooms3.1g protein/100g | Vegetables | 1.00kg | 0L | 0.2m² | Low |
| Mussels12g protein/100g | Seafood | 1.00kg | 0L | 0.0m² | Low |
| Oat Milk1g protein/100g | Milk Alternatives | 0.90kg | 48L | 0.8m² | Very Low |
| Peas (fresh/frozen)5.4g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.90kg | 595L | 3.4m² | Very Low |
| Broccoli2.8g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.90kg | 285L | 0.5m² | Very Low |
| Lentils (dried)9g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 0.90kg | 5,874L | 3.4m² | Very Low |
| Coconut Milk0.2g protein/100g | Milk Alternatives | 0.80kg | 200L | 0.6m² | Very Low |
| Green Beans1.8g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.80kg | 561L | 0.5m² | Very Low |
| Kidney Beans8.7g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 0.80kg | 5,000L | 3.0m² | Very Low |
| Black Beans8.9g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 0.80kg | 5,000L | 3.0m² | Very Low |
| Chickpeas9g protein/100g | Plant Proteins | 0.80kg | 4,000L | 3.2m² | Very Low |
| Almond Milk0.5g protein/100g | Milk Alternatives | 0.70kg | 371L | 0.5m² | Very Low |
| Bananas1.1g protein/100g | Fruits | 0.70kg | 790L | 1.4m² | Very Low |
| Cauliflower1.9g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.70kg | 285L | 0.4m² | Very Low |
| Lettuce1.4g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.70kg | 237L | 0.3m² | Very Low |
| Oranges0.9g protein/100g | Fruits | 0.50kg | 560L | 0.6m² | Very Low |
| Sweet Potato1.6g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.50kg | 500L | 0.6m² | Very Low |
| Spinach2.9g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.50kg | 292L | 0.3m² | Very Low |
| Onions1.1g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.50kg | 272L | 0.4m² | Very Low |
| Potatoes2g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.50kg | 287L | 0.9m² | Very Low |
| Apples0.3g protein/100g | Fruits | 0.40kg | 822L | 0.6m² | Very Low |
| Carrots0.9g protein/100g | Vegetables | 0.40kg | 195L | 0.3m² | Very Low |
| Watermelon0.6g protein/100g | Fruits | 0.30kg | 235L | 0.2m² | Very Low |
Beef (grain-fed)
MeatCO2e/kg
33.0
Water L/kg
15,400
Land m²/kg
130.0
Protein: 26g per 100g
Beef (average)
MeatCO2e/kg
27.0
Water L/kg
15,400
Land m²/kg
164.0
Protein: 26g per 100g
Beef Burger Patty
ProcessedCO2e/kg
25.0
Water L/kg
15,000
Land m²/kg
150.0
Protein: 20g per 100g
Lamb
MeatCO2e/kg
24.0
Water L/kg
10,400
Land m²/kg
185.0
Protein: 25g per 100g
Beef (grass-fed)
MeatCO2e/kg
21.0
Water L/kg
15,400
Land m²/kg
200.0
Protein: 26g per 100g
Goat
MeatCO2e/kg
20.0
Water L/kg
5,500
Land m²/kg
150.0
Protein: 27g per 100g
Chocolate (dark)
BeveragesCO2e/kg
18.7
Water L/kg
17,196
Land m²/kg
68.0
Protein: 5g per 100g
Prawns (farmed)
SeafoodCO2e/kg
18.2
Water L/kg
3,500
Land m²/kg
3.0
Protein: 24g per 100g
Coffee (brewed)
BeveragesCO2e/kg
16.5
Water L/kg
18,900
Land m²/kg
11.0
Venison
MeatCO2e/kg
16.0
Water L/kg
4,800
Land m²/kg
100.0
Protein: 30g per 100g
Cheese (hard)
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
13.5
Water L/kg
5,060
Land m²/kg
87.0
Protein: 25g per 100g
Butter
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
11.9
Water L/kg
5,550
Land m²/kg
52.0
Protein: 0.9g per 100g
Farmed Salmon
SeafoodCO2e/kg
11.9
Water L/kg
2,000
Land m²/kg
3.7
Protein: 20g per 100g
Chocolate (milk)
BeveragesCO2e/kg
9.2
Water L/kg
10,000
Land m²/kg
40.0
Protein: 7.5g per 100g
Cheese (soft)
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
8.5
Water L/kg
3,500
Land m²/kg
55.0
Protein: 17g per 100g
Duck
MeatCO2e/kg
8.1
Water L/kg
4,500
Land m²/kg
9.0
Protein: 23g per 100g
Palm Oil
Oils & FatsCO2e/kg
7.6
Water L/kg
5,000
Land m²/kg
2.4
Cream
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
7.6
Water L/kg
3,800
Land m²/kg
30.0
Protein: 2.1g per 100g
Pork
MeatCO2e/kg
7.2
Water L/kg
5,990
Land m²/kg
11.0
Protein: 27g per 100g
Tea
BeveragesCO2e/kg
7.0
Water L/kg
8,860
Land m²/kg
5.0
Chicken
MeatCO2e/kg
6.9
Water L/kg
4,325
Land m²/kg
7.1
Protein: 27g per 100g
Soybean Oil
Oils & FatsCO2e/kg
6.3
Water L/kg
4,200
Land m²/kg
10.0
Tuna (canned)
SeafoodCO2e/kg
6.1
Water L/kg
0
Land m²/kg
0.0
Protein: 26g per 100g
Olive Oil
Oils & FatsCO2e/kg
6.0
Water L/kg
14,430
Land m²/kg
26.0
Turkey
MeatCO2e/kg
5.5
Water L/kg
3,900
Land m²/kg
6.5
Protein: 29g per 100g
Cod
SeafoodCO2e/kg
5.4
Water L/kg
0
Land m²/kg
0.0
Protein: 18g per 100g
Eggs
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
4.7
Water L/kg
3,265
Land m²/kg
5.7
Protein: 13g per 100g
Coconut Oil
Oils & FatsCO2e/kg
4.5
Water L/kg
2,687
Land m²/kg
3.5
Rice (white)
GrainsCO2e/kg
4.5
Water L/kg
2,500
Land m²/kg
2.8
Protein: 2.7g per 100g
Wild Salmon
SeafoodCO2e/kg
4.5
Water L/kg
0
Land m²/kg
0.0
Protein: 20g per 100g
Ice Cream
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
4.4
Water L/kg
2,000
Land m²/kg
15.0
Protein: 3.5g per 100g
Rice (brown)
GrainsCO2e/kg
4.2
Water L/kg
2,500
Land m²/kg
2.8
Protein: 2.6g per 100g
Pizza (frozen)
ProcessedCO2e/kg
3.8
Water L/kg
1,200
Land m²/kg
10.0
Protein: 11g per 100g
Rapeseed / Canola Oil
Oils & FatsCO2e/kg
3.7
Water L/kg
4,000
Land m²/kg
11.0
Tofu Burger Patty
ProcessedCO2e/kg
3.5
Water L/kg
2,500
Land m²/kg
2.5
Protein: 14g per 100g
Sunflower Oil
Oils & FatsCO2e/kg
3.5
Water L/kg
6,800
Land m²/kg
18.0
Tomatoes (greenhouse)
VegetablesCO2e/kg
3.5
Water L/kg
214
Land m²/kg
0.3
Protein: 0.9g per 100g
Almonds
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
3.5
Water L/kg
16,200
Land m²/kg
3.8
Protein: 21g per 100g
Asparagus
VegetablesCO2e/kg
3.4
Water L/kg
2,150
Land m²/kg
0.6
Protein: 2.2g per 100g
Cashews
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
3.3
Water L/kg
14,200
Land m²/kg
3.5
Protein: 18g per 100g
Cow's Milk
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
3.2
Water L/kg
1,020
Land m²/kg
9.0
Protein: 3.4g per 100g
Tofu
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
3.0
Water L/kg
2,500
Land m²/kg
2.2
Protein: 17g per 100g
Crisps / Chips
ProcessedCO2e/kg
2.5
Water L/kg
900
Land m²/kg
2.0
Protein: 5.5g per 100g
Avocado
FruitsCO2e/kg
2.5
Water L/kg
1,981
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 2g per 100g
Peanuts
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
2.5
Water L/kg
3,100
Land m²/kg
9.1
Protein: 26g per 100g
Tempeh
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
2.5
Water L/kg
2,200
Land m²/kg
2.0
Protein: 19g per 100g
Yoghurt
Dairy & EggsCO2e/kg
2.5
Water L/kg
1,020
Land m²/kg
7.0
Protein: 4.5g per 100g
Walnuts
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
2.4
Water L/kg
9,063
Land m²/kg
3.0
Protein: 15g per 100g
Coconut
FruitsCO2e/kg
2.3
Water L/kg
2,687
Land m²/kg
2.0
Protein: 3.3g per 100g
Sardines
SeafoodCO2e/kg
2.0
Water L/kg
0
Land m²/kg
0.0
Protein: 25g per 100g
Sugar (cane)
ProcessedCO2e/kg
1.8
Water L/kg
1,782
Land m²/kg
1.5
Wine
BeveragesCO2e/kg
1.8
Water L/kg
872
Land m²/kg
1.8
Protein: 0.1g per 100g
Orange Juice
BeveragesCO2e/kg
1.6
Water L/kg
1,018
Land m²/kg
0.7
Protein: 0.7g per 100g
Peppers (bell)
VegetablesCO2e/kg
1.6
Water L/kg
379
Land m²/kg
0.4
Protein: 1g per 100g
Oats
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.6
Water L/kg
1,788
Land m²/kg
7.6
Protein: 13g per 100g
Pasta
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.6
Water L/kg
1,849
Land m²/kg
3.2
Protein: 5g per 100g
French Fries (frozen)
ProcessedCO2e/kg
1.5
Water L/kg
500
Land m²/kg
1.0
Protein: 3g per 100g
Quinoa
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.5
Water L/kg
5,000
Land m²/kg
3.5
Protein: 4.4g per 100g
Grapes
FruitsCO2e/kg
1.4
Water L/kg
608
Land m²/kg
1.0
Protein: 0.7g per 100g
Tomatoes
VegetablesCO2e/kg
1.4
Water L/kg
214
Land m²/kg
0.8
Protein: 0.9g per 100g
Wheat Flour
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.4
Water L/kg
1,827
Land m²/kg
3.6
Protein: 10g per 100g
Blueberries
FruitsCO2e/kg
1.3
Water L/kg
845
Land m²/kg
0.4
Protein: 0.7g per 100g
Bread (wholemeal)
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.3
Water L/kg
1,827
Land m²/kg
3.4
Protein: 12g per 100g
White bread
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.3
Water L/kg
1,608
Land m²/kg
3.2
Protein: 9g per 100g
Beer
BeveragesCO2e/kg
1.2
Water L/kg
298
Land m²/kg
1.5
Protein: 0.5g per 100g
Rice Milk
Milk AlternativesCO2e/kg
1.2
Water L/kg
270
Land m²/kg
0.3
Protein: 0.3g per 100g
Strawberries
FruitsCO2e/kg
1.1
Water L/kg
347
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 0.7g per 100g
Corn / Maize
GrainsCO2e/kg
1.1
Water L/kg
1,222
Land m²/kg
2.9
Protein: 3.3g per 100g
Soy Milk
Milk AlternativesCO2e/kg
1.0
Water L/kg
28
Land m²/kg
0.7
Protein: 3.3g per 100g
Mango
FruitsCO2e/kg
1.0
Water L/kg
1,800
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 0.8g per 100g
Aubergine / Eggplant
VegetablesCO2e/kg
1.0
Water L/kg
362
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 1g per 100g
Mushrooms
VegetablesCO2e/kg
1.0
Water L/kg
0
Land m²/kg
0.2
Protein: 3.1g per 100g
Mussels
SeafoodCO2e/kg
1.0
Water L/kg
0
Land m²/kg
0.0
Protein: 12g per 100g
Oat Milk
Milk AlternativesCO2e/kg
0.9
Water L/kg
48
Land m²/kg
0.8
Protein: 1g per 100g
Peas (fresh/frozen)
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.9
Water L/kg
595
Land m²/kg
3.4
Protein: 5.4g per 100g
Broccoli
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.9
Water L/kg
285
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 2.8g per 100g
Lentils (dried)
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
0.9
Water L/kg
5,874
Land m²/kg
3.4
Protein: 9g per 100g
Coconut Milk
Milk AlternativesCO2e/kg
0.8
Water L/kg
200
Land m²/kg
0.6
Protein: 0.2g per 100g
Green Beans
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.8
Water L/kg
561
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 1.8g per 100g
Kidney Beans
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
0.8
Water L/kg
5,000
Land m²/kg
3.0
Protein: 8.7g per 100g
Black Beans
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
0.8
Water L/kg
5,000
Land m²/kg
3.0
Protein: 8.9g per 100g
Chickpeas
Plant ProteinsCO2e/kg
0.8
Water L/kg
4,000
Land m²/kg
3.2
Protein: 9g per 100g
Almond Milk
Milk AlternativesCO2e/kg
0.7
Water L/kg
371
Land m²/kg
0.5
Protein: 0.5g per 100g
Bananas
FruitsCO2e/kg
0.7
Water L/kg
790
Land m²/kg
1.4
Protein: 1.1g per 100g
Cauliflower
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.7
Water L/kg
285
Land m²/kg
0.4
Protein: 1.9g per 100g
Lettuce
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.7
Water L/kg
237
Land m²/kg
0.3
Protein: 1.4g per 100g
Oranges
FruitsCO2e/kg
0.5
Water L/kg
560
Land m²/kg
0.6
Protein: 0.9g per 100g
Sweet Potato
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.5
Water L/kg
500
Land m²/kg
0.6
Protein: 1.6g per 100g
Spinach
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.5
Water L/kg
292
Land m²/kg
0.3
Protein: 2.9g per 100g
Onions
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.5
Water L/kg
272
Land m²/kg
0.4
Protein: 1.1g per 100g
Potatoes
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.5
Water L/kg
287
Land m²/kg
0.9
Protein: 2g per 100g
Apples
FruitsCO2e/kg
0.4
Water L/kg
822
Land m²/kg
0.6
Protein: 0.3g per 100g
Carrots
VegetablesCO2e/kg
0.4
Water L/kg
195
Land m²/kg
0.3
Protein: 0.9g per 100g
Watermelon
FruitsCO2e/kg
0.3
Water L/kg
235
Land m²/kg
0.2
Protein: 0.6g per 100g
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